Theory

1. Define internet backbone in your own words:

   The internet backbone refers to the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected networks and core routers on the internet.

2. What is the difference between clients and servers on the internet?

   Clients request resources or services, while servers provide those resources or services. For example, a web browser is a client, and a web server hosts the requested webpage.

3. Draw or describe how servers, routers, switches, workstations, and other hardware components are part of the internet:

   The internet consists of interconnected devices: workstations (end-user devices) connect to switches, which direct traffic within a local network. Routers link different networks together, and servers host data and applications that clients access.

4. Describe the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) model of networking, outlining how this protocol provides the data transfer mechanism required to establish client/server relationships:

   The TCP/IP model includes four layers (Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access) that work together to transmit data. TCP ensures reliable delivery, while IP handles addressing and routing.

5. List at least three examples of internet services that rely on client/server relationships:

   Examples include email (SMTP, IMAP, POP), the World Wide Web (HTTP/HTTPS), and file sharing (FTP).

6. What is hypertext?

   Hypertext refers to text that contains links to other texts or media, enabling non-linear navigation through digital content.

7. How is "the web" related to the internet?

   The web is a service that runs on the internet, consisting of interconnected documents and resources accessed via web browsers using HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

8. Explain how the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to facilitate client/server interaction:

   HTTP is a protocol that allows a client (e.g., a web browser) to request resources from a server (e.g., a web server). The server responds with the requested data or an error message.

9. What is HTTP and how is it different from HTTPS?

   HTTP is the standard protocol for transferring web data, while HTTPS adds encryption (via SSL/TLS) to ensure secure communication.

10. Describe and illustrate the development of the Web in general terms using the Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 generational paradigms:

    Web 1.0: Static, read-only content. Web 2.0: Dynamic, user-generated content and interaction (social media, blogs). Web 3.0: Decentralized, semantic web with AI and blockchain integration.

11. Compare and contrast the Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Web 3.0 stages of development:

    Web 1.0 focused on static content, Web 2.0 emphasized interactivity and collaboration, and Web 3.0 aims for decentralization and intelligent data.

12. Describe the role markup languages play in the Web:

    Markup languages structure and format content on the web, enabling browsers to render and display data correctly (e.g., HTML).

13. Compare and contrast markup and scripting languages:

    Markup languages define structure and presentation (e.g., HTML, XML), while scripting languages add interactivity and functionality (e.g., JavaScript).

14. Explain the relationship between Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML), Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language (DHTML), and markdown (MD):

    SGML is a standard for defining markup languages. XML is a simplified subset of SGML. HTML and XHTML are specific implementations for web content. DHTML adds interactivity with scripts and styles. Markdown is a lightweight markup language for simple formatting.

15. List some of your own interests, values, beliefs, resources, prior learning, and experiences:

    Reflect on your personal and academic background, highlighting relevant skills and knowledge.

16. Describe how CSE1210 may connect to your future occupational choices:

    Consider how the topics covered in CSE1210 align with your career goals in technology, networking, or related fields.